心脏右向左分流与偏头痛患者脑白质病变相关性研究进展

偏头痛（migraine）是一种反复发作的慢性神经血管性头痛,是临床常见的原发性头痛之一,在很大程度上影响患者日常生活和工作,阻碍社会生产力发展并给个人和社会带来了巨大的经济负担。目前大量研究结果提示偏头痛与心脏右向左分流（right-to-left shunt,RLS）存在相关性,但具体原理仍在研究中。有研究表明偏头痛患者脑白质病变（white matter lesions,WML）发生率高于正常人群3 倍,其病理生理学机制尚未阐明。而近年来研究结果提示,偏头痛尤其是先兆性偏头痛（migraine with aura,MA）患者卵圆孔未闭（patent foramen ovale,PFO）患病率较正常人群明显升高。然而偏头痛患者WML 与RLS 之间是否存在相关性,以及二者之间的病理生理机制尚未阐明,有待进一步研究。     

Prestroke Statins,Progression of White Matter Hyperintensities,and Cognitive Decline in Stroke Patients with Confluent White Matter Hyperintensities

Cerebral white matter hyperintensities (WMH) are a consequence of cerebral small vessel disease. Statins have been shown to reduce recurrent stroke among patients with various stroke subtypes, including lacunar stroke, which also arises from small vessel disease. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that prestroke statin use would reduce the progression of WMH and/or cognitive decline among stroke patients with confluent WMH. Patients (n = 100) were participants of the VITAmins To Prevent Stroke magnetic resonance imaging substudy. All patients had confluent WMH on magnetic resonance imaging at baseline. Eighty-one patients completed the 2-year follow-up. We assessed general cognition and executive function using the mini-mental state examination and Mattis dementia rating scale–initiation/perseveration subscale, respectively. We compared the change in volume of WMH and cognition between prestroke statin use and prestroke nonstatin use groups. We also evaluated the effects of prestroke statin use on incident lacunes and microbleeds. The prestroke statin use group (n = 51) had less WMH volume progression (1.54 ± 4.52 cm³vs 5.01 ± 6.00 cm³, p = 0.02) compared with the prestroke nonstatin use group (n = 30). Multivariate linear regression modeling identified prestroke statin use as an independent predictor of WMH progression (β = –0.31, p = 0.008). Prestroke statin use was also associated with less decline (Mattis dementia rating scale–initiation/perseveration subscale; β = 0.47, p = 0.001). No association was observed with changes in mini-mental state examination scores. There were no between group differences on incident lacunes or incident microbleeds. Prestroke statin use may reduce WMH progression and decline in executive function in stroke patients with confluent WMH.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13311-014-0270-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Strategies for myelin regeneration: lessons learned from development

Myelin regeneration is indispensably important for patients suffering from several central nervous system （CNS） disorders such as multiple sclerosis （MS） and spinal cord injury （SCI）, because it is not only essential for restoring neurophysiology, but also protects denuded axons for secondary degeneration. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying remyelination is critical for the development of remyelination-specific therapeutic approaches. As remyelination shares certain common mechanisms with developmental myelination, knowledge from study of developmental myelination contributes greatly to emerging myelin regeneration therapies, best evidenced as the recently developed human anti-Nogo receptor interacting protein-1 （LINGO-1） monoclonal antibodies to treat MS patients in clinical trials.     

偏头痛患者脑白质损害的MRI特征

目的探讨偏头痛患者脑白质损害的MRI特征。方法对80例偏头痛患者(偏头痛组)及80例健康体检者(对照组)进行MRI检查。对结果进行比较分析。结果 MRI检查显示偏头痛组中有42例脑白质损害,表现为皮质下脑白质内等T1、长T2信号影,T2Flair高信号;对照组中有9例脑白质损害。偏头痛组脑白质损害的比例(52.5%)明显高于对照组(11.3%)(χ2=31.34,P0.01)。偏头痛组中有先兆偏头痛患者脑白质损害的比例(68.6%,24/35)明显高于无先兆偏头痛患者(40.0%,18/45)(χ2=15.58,P0.01)。结论偏头痛患者脑白质损害的MRI表现与其它原因引起的脑白质病变类似。偏头痛患者脑白质损害的发生率较高,且有先兆偏头痛者较无先兆偏头痛者更高。     

老年人脑白质改变的危险因素及其与认知功能障碍的相关性研究

目的探讨老年人(≥75岁)脑白质改变(WMC)发生的危险因素及其与认知功能障碍的相关性。方法根据影像学改变选择WMC患者76例(WMC组)和无WMC者74例(对照组)为研究对象。对WMC组进行影像学Fazekas视觉等级评分,根据评分将WMC分为轻度、中度和重度。采用Logistic法分析WMC发生的危险因素。应用神经心理学量表评估分析WMC对认知功能的影响。结果与对照组比较,WMC组的年龄、高血压病、糖尿病、纤维蛋白原水平差异有显著统计学意义(分别P=0.003、P0.001、P=0.006、P0.001)。Logistic分析发现年龄、高血压病、纤维蛋白原水平是WMC的独立危险因素。WMC组的简明精神状态检查、蒙特利尔认知评估、画钟试验、6项躯体性日常生活能力、8项工具性日常生活能力等认知功能量表检测均差异有显著统计学意义(均P0.001),在校正年龄等因素后仍存在差异。结论年龄、高血压病、糖尿病、纤维蛋白原水平与老年人WMC有关,年龄、高血压病、纤维蛋白原水平升高是WMC的独立危险因素。中、重度WMC可引起≥75岁老年人认知功能和日常生活能力下降。     

Prenatal stress and limbic-prefrontal white matter microstructure in children aged 6–9 years: a preliminary diffusion tensor imaging study

Objectives. Maternal prenatal stress is associated with elevated risk of adverse behavioural outcomes in offspring. This association may involve developmental disruption to limbic-prefrontal white matter circuitry, of which the uncinate fasciculus is the major tract. One potential candidate for modulating brain development is maternal prenatal stress. We provide the first prospective study of prenatal stress and white matter microstructure in children. Methods. A total of 22 healthy children (mean age 7 years) of mothers recruited in pregnancy underwent diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. We examined correlations between prenatal stressful life events and white matter microstructural organisation indices (fractional anisotropy (FA) and perpendicular diffusivity (D_perp)) of the uncinate fasciculus and a “control” tract. Results. Maternal prenatal stressful life events were correlated positively with right uncinate fasciculus FA, and negatively with right uncinate fasciculus D_perp in their child, with a similar trend with left uncinate fasciculus D_perp. Prenatal stress was not associated with control tract properties; sociodemographic/obstetric variables were not associated with FA/D_perp of either tract. Conclusions. Variation in maternal prenatal stress may be associated with differences in the development of white matter within brain networks underlying child social behaviour.     

Mapping the brain pathways of declarative verbal memory: Evidence from white matter lesions in the living human brain

Understanding the contribution of the brain white matter pathways to declarative verbal memory processes has been hindered by the lack of an adequate model in humans. An attractive and underexplored approach to study white matter region functionality in the living human brain is through the use of non-aprioristic models which specifically search disrupted white matter pathways. For this purpose, we employed voxel-based lesion–function mapping to correlate white matter lesions on the magnetic resonance images of 46 multiple sclerosis patients with their performance on declarative verbal memory storage and retrieval. White matter correlating with storage was in the temporal lobe–particularly lateral to the hippocampus and in the anterior temporal stem–, in the thalamic region and in the anterior limb of the internal capsule, all on the left hemisphere, and also in the right anterior temporal stem. The same volumes were relevant for retrieval, but to them were added temporo-parieto-frontal paramedian bundles, particularly the cingulum and the fronto-occipital fasciculus. These 3D maps indicate the white matter regions most critically involved in declarative verbal memory in humans.     

康妇消炎栓对子宫肌瘤术后血清C反应蛋白、白细胞计数及肠胃功能恢复的影响

目的:探究康妇消炎栓对子宫肌瘤术后患者血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞计数(WBC)水平及肠胃功能恢复的影响。方法:选取2017年1月至2017年11月马鞍山市中心医院收治的子宫肌瘤患者80例作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组40例。对照组给予术后常规预防性抗炎,观察组在此基础上给予康妇消炎栓塞肛治疗,比较2组患者治疗效果、麻醉时间、手术时间、CRP、WBC及肠胃功能恢复情况,如术后首次排气时间、术后首次排便时间等。结果:治疗后,2组患者CRP、WBC水平较治疗前降低,而且观察组CRP、WBC水平较对照组低(P0.05)。2组手术时间及麻醉时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),观察组术后首次排气时间、术后首次排便时间与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.002、0.0080.05)。观察组治疗有效率95.00%,对照组为77.50%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:康妇消炎栓应用于子宫肌瘤术后患者,能够降低术后炎症反应,促进术后肠胃功能恢复,值得推广。     

Bilirubin and its oxidation products damage brain white matter

Brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) occurs in cortex and white matter and may be mediated by blood breakdown products, including hemoglobin and heme. Effects of blood breakdown products, bilirubin and bilirubin oxidation products, have not been widely investigated in adult brain. Here, we first determined the effect of bilirubin and its oxidation products on the structure and function of white matter in vitro using brain slices. Subsequently, we determined whether these compounds have an effect on the structure and function of white matter in vivo. In all, 0.5 mmol/L bilirubin treatment significantly damaged both the function and the structure of myelinated axons but not the unmyelinated axons in brain slices. Toxicity of bilirubin in vitro was prevented by dimethyl sulfoxide. Bilirubin oxidation products (BOXes) may be responsible for the toxicity of bilirubin. In in vivo experiments, unmyelinated axons were found more susceptible to damage from bilirubin injection. These results suggest that unmyelinated axons may have a major role in white-matter damage in vivo. Since bilirubin and BOXes appear in a delayed manner after ICH, preventing their toxic effects may be worth investigating therapeutically. Dimethyl sulfoxide or its structurally related derivatives may have a potential therapeutic value at antagonizing axonal damage after hemorrhagic stroke.